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 The North End of Glen Clova |
The Cairngorms National Park became Scotland's second National Park when it was established in 2003. It is known in Gaelic as Pàirc Nàiseanta a'Mhoinhaid Ruaidh. It is the largest National Park in the UK, with an area of 3,800 km² (1,467 square miles), which makes it 40% larger than the Lake District National Park in England and and twice as large as the Loch Lomond and the Trossachs National Park, the first to be established in Scotland.
The Cairngorms was designated as a national park because of its unique range of environments, being home to the largest area of arctic mountain landscape in the UK; to 25% of Britain's threatened birds, animals and plants; and to some 16,000 people.
The Park includes extensive areas of mountains and plateaux, including four of Scotland's five highest mountains among 52 summit of over 900m. One tenth of the Park area is over 800m in altitude, and two thirds are over 400m in altitude. It also includes large expanses of moorland and forest, as well as numerous rivers, lochs and glens. Sites designated as of importance to natural heritage form 39% of the total land area, and two thirds of these are important in a European context.
Significant settlements within the National Park area include Newtonmore, Kingussie, Carrbridge, Aviemore, Grantown-on-Spey, Tomintoul, Ballater and Braemar. 80% of the local economy depends on tourism, including winter sports, walking, climbing, fishing and stalking. It was estimated that over 500,000 people visited the area later designated as the Cairngorms National Park in 2001.
 Area Covered by the Cairngorms National Park |
Scotland's National Parks were established by the Scottish Parliament under the terms of the National Parks (Scotland) Act 2000. In many eyes this put right the fact that although National Parks were being designated in England and Wales from 1949, none existed in Scotland. This seemed a remarkable lapse given that it was a Scot, John Muir, who first came up with the idea of National Parks after emigrating to the USA in 1849.
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Neither of Scotland's National Parks (nor any elsewhere in the UK) can be thought of as genuinely pristine wilderness of the sort John Muir helped preserve at Yosemite. Virtually the entire landscape of Scotland has been influenced or managed by humans over a period of thousands of years. Deforestation, farming, cattle, sheep, deer, sporting estates, power generation and transmission, afforestation, leisure pursuits and the needs of residents to live and work in the areas have all left their mark on the National Parks.
And neither does the idea of a National Park in the UK imply government ownership of the land within the park. Instead, the pre-existing land-owning pattern has been retained, leaving land in the hands of a patchwork quilt of large estates, smaller farmers, government agencies like the Forestry Commission and Ministry of Defence, local authorities, businesses, homeowners and charities like the National Trust for Scotland.
So if Scotland's National Parks are not owned by the government and do not include any pristine wilderness, just what are they for and what do they do? Their aims were set out in the 2000 Act, and are:
The responsibility for balancing these sometimes conflicting aims in a collective and co-ordinated way lies with the National Park Authority, which has 25 members. 10 of these are appointed by the Scottish Government, 10 are appointed by the four Local Authorities (5 by Highland Council, 3 by Aberdeenshire, 1 by Moray, 1 by Angus). The remaining 5 members are elected by those living within the Park.
Day to day management is carried out by entering into management agreements with landowners, making bylaws, and employing rangers. Perhaps most importantly, the National Park takes planning decisions in relation to proposed developments within its area. It also looks after signposting and information for visitors.
